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Gel combustion synthesis of fluorine-doped tin oxide and its characteristics: applying D-optimal factorial design of experiment

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Abstract

Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) nano-powders were synthesized by a gel combustion method. To analyse the effect of processing factors and their interactions and to achieve an equation for nano-powder particle size in terms of code factors, D-optimal factorial design was used. Stannous chloride penta-hydride, ammonium fluoride and citric acid were used to synthesize the FTO nano-powders. The structure, morphology and composition of the synthesized powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The results revealed the formation of homogenous FTO nano-powders with an average particle size of 20 nm and equiaxed morphology in the concentration of precursor 0.2, citric acid to precursor molar ratio of 1 and pH of 0.5. The average particle size increased as the concentration of the precursor, citric acid to precursor molar ratio and pH increased from 0.2 to 1, 1 to 3 and 0.5 to 3, respectively. Citric acid to precursor molar ratio, concentration of the precursor and the pH had the most significant effect on the synthesis of the FTO nano-powders, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1477893855, Iran

    S Malek

  2. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, 3414896816, Iran

    S Baghshahi

  3. Department of Materials Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran

    R Sarraf-Mamoory

  4. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-9466, Iran

    Ali Nemati

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  1. S Malek
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  2. S Baghshahi
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  4. Ali Nemati
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Correspondence to S Baghshahi.

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Malek, S., Baghshahi, S., Sarraf-Mamoory, R. et al. Gel combustion synthesis of fluorine-doped tin oxide and its characteristics: applying D-optimal factorial design of experiment. Bull Mater Sci 42, 109 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-019-1769-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-019-1769-5

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